Thursday, November 28, 2019

Management of Water Supply Projects in Malaysia

Water is one of the fundamental elements that supports life and forms part of the resources that influence human economic development. Water is not readily available in some parts of Malaysia and its abundance is largely determined by climatic changes, geographical positions and political environment to some extent (Yong, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management of Water Supply Projects in Malaysia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The world today is facing a serious fresh water crisis due to the pressure exerted on water catchment areas of the ever-growing population. Research shows that the majority of highly populated regions have a high water shortage (Renganathan, 2000). In Malaysia, the Integrated Water Resources Management, IWRM was introduced in the early 1990s being the sole water management initiative in the country (Global Water intelligence, 2003). It led to the formation of management groups later in 1997 such as Malaysia water partnership My WP, and later the Malaysia capacity building network for IWRM, MyCapNet (Clark, 1991). Water sustainability in Malaysia is very well covered in a number of policies.  In Sabah, the local authorities have put in place plans to enhance and mange forest sustainability such as the integration of the river basin management plans (Chan, 2000). These will greatly improve the quality of the state’s water supply as well as enhance sustainable water management, hence, stabilizing water supply. Integration of the river basin will also ensure that land, water, and biodiversity are protected for the benefit of the locals. Borneo, an island in the state, is characterized by biodiversity. The state has formed platforms to engage the non-governmental organizations as well as the locals to address the issues that affect the environment.  All the measures are aimed at protecting and preserving natural resources to avoid extinction, which can have adverse effects on the livelihood of the locals. These initiatives also have improved the quality of life for the locals hence increasing the life expectancy. The management plan includes guidelines on how to return wastewater to the environment (Chan, 2000). It also engages protecting and rehabilitating water catchment areas.Advertising Looking for report on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To show its commitment, Malaysia is a signatory to a number of environmental conservation declarations. One of them is the international conference on water and the environment in Dublin in the year 1992 (Renganathan, 2000). Others include the earth summit, world water forums to mention but a few (Global Water intelligence, 2003). The department of drainage and irrigation is the major custodian of the IWRM implementation working together with the My WP (Yong, 2004). The country has made remarkable progress in implantin g their initiative and the benefits are immense. The local villagers can take an opportunity provided by the water conservation programs and increase their economic activities through agriculture.  With a sustainable water supply, farmers in the village will not have to depend on seasonal rains to farm. To enhance the village’s life expectancy requires a full implementation of the water management policies and innovative economic activities that take advantage of the available water.  Protecting water catchment areas and forest increases the life expectancy by a reasonable percentage since fresh and clean water enhances good health. Water is the source of life even for a crop, creating a cycle of dependency between plants and animals. Therefore, sustainable farming can be well supported by these initiatives hence improving the economic status of the locals. Farming is one of the most feasible economic activities for them. References Chan, N. W. (2000c) Current Environment al Issues in Malaysia. Web. Clark, R. (1991) Water: The International Crisis. Web.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management of Water Supply Projects in Malaysia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Global Water intelligence, (2003). The Malaysian government to manage water supply projects. Market-Leading Analysis of the International Water Industry, 4 (9), 1. Renganathan, M. (2000). Taking Care of Water, the Responsibility of All. Web. Yong, F. T. (2004). Water Engineering. Bulletin Ingenieur. 22 (01), 56-86. This report on Management of Water Supply Projects in Malaysia was written and submitted by user Farrah J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Robert F (Bobby) Kennedy. Includes a poem on R.Kennedy by Ron Wilson

Robert F (Bobby) Kennedy. Includes a poem on R.Kennedy by Ron Wilson Robert Francis ("Bobby") KennedyRobert F. Kennedy was born in 1925 in Brookline Massachusetts , and wasraised with traditional family values. He was a true patriot, with a strongsense of nationalism. While Attending Harvard University, he saw that hiscountry needed his help, so he put his undergraduate studies on hold toserve his country's Navy in World War II. When he returned home, hefinished his Bachelor's degree at Harvard, and received an LL.B. from theuniversity of Virginia Law. In 1951 he served as Attorney to the U.S.Department of Jjustice, but in 1952 he resigned to manage his brotherJohn's senatorial campaign.In 1953, he served as assistant counsel under Senator JosephMcCarthy's permanent investigators subcommittee. He resigned in 1956because he didn't agree with all of Senator McCarthy's ideas and methods.He then in 1957 was elected to be chief council for the Senate Rackets'Robert F. Kennedy, Cabinet Room, White House, Wash...committee. During that time he exposed mofia f igureheads such as JimmyHoffa and Dave Beck. He seemed to be obsessed with dismantling theMofia. Under his brother's administration, he continued his attack on theMofia. Robert Kennedy had no sympathy for the mob, nor did he care thathe was being criticized by the media for his "harsh measures" such as hisextensive use of wiretaps .In 1964 he resigned as Attorney General to subsequently gain a Senateseat from New York. While being a Senator, his views on governmentslightly changed. He was now paying more attention to the needs of thepoor minorities, and was criticizing the involvement of the United States inthe Vietnam War.In March of 1968, he announced that he would be running forPresident on the Democratic ticket. His charismatic personality appealed tovoters of all ethnic backgrounds and...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Points of View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Points of View - Essay Example If only we would get fulfillment from the natural resources available to run our daily life then would not be discussing climate change since it would not be happening. Though the harm is done, we still have the chance to correct the mistakes we made and rescue planet Earth. According to scientists, climatic change is natural. To support their claim they pieced together a picture of the Earth’s climate hundreds of thousands of years back and analyzed some indirect measures of climate. For instance ice cores, tree rings and oceanic sediments while also including studies of changes in earth’s orbit around the sun. The climatic system varies over time according to historical records. For instance, climate change experiences happening prior to industrial revolution around 1700 can be explained by natural causes like changes I the solar energy, volcanic eruption and natural changes in the greenhouse. This information is highly reliable as it provides evidence for its stand. The author is credible as well as most of his works including this article give reference to several studies with different opinions (Zedillo, 2008). The greenhouse gas emission is to blame for the global warming the world is experiencing. Human activities produce carbon dioxide that plants absorb by the plants, oceans and soil. Instead, all these move to the atmosphere and thus destroying ozone layer by making it thinner. As a result, harmful sun rays directly hit the earth, and the result is climatic change. Chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons that spray cans and foam cushions that we use daily contain are to blame. A tree that may have absorbed these gasses is cut without replacement around the world. The human person only thinks of their immediate need and not ignores the effect of their long-term actions. This information is the work of environmental experts with authority in this

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Beneth the serface of developmental dyslexia Annotated Bibliography

Beneth the serface of developmental dyslexia - Annotated Bibliography Example In addition, the article presents the three strategies that constitute development of reading. The three strategies include logographic, orthographic and alphabetic skills. The logographic skills relate to the immediate recognition of familiar words. Frith explains that the process of recognizing words require component of salient graphic to serve as important cues. The article precisely defines orthographic skills as an instantaneous analysis of words into the orthographic units. On the other hand, alphabetic skills connote the use and knowledge of each grapheme and phoneme as well as their correspondences. The article extends to present the inherent failures that each of the three principles possesses. However, the article fails to provide a credible developmental model, which explains its limitation. Even though Frith presents substantial work in this article, a need still lies to present credible model, which can function to alert individuals to the existing fallacy that acquired and developmental disorders are

Monday, November 18, 2019

GOVT 480 DB7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GOVT 480 DB7 - Essay Example nd especially those pertaining to terrorism started and even fusion centers were set up by the Department of Homeland Security to ensure this is taken with the seriousness it deserves. The purpose of the local law enforcers is to report to the state and fusion offices suspicious cases of terrorism activities or other national intelligence from the local level and then work together from there (Cordner and Scarborough, 2010). Not all information on the progress and the step by step measures to be taken should be shared with the local law enforcers by the state. This is so because there are some of the local enforcers who are supporters and followers of the terrorists and act as their moles hence providing them with important security and intelligence information and if this happens to be the case then it may jeopardize the intelligence and action to terminate the terrorism activities. In this regards therefore, national intelligence information provided to the local enforcers should be limited to the basics and not specifics in as much as their help is appreciated. Cordner, G. and Scarborough, K. (January, 2010). â€Å"Information Sharing: Exploring the Intersection of Policing with National and Military Intelligence.† Journal of the Naval Postgraduate School Center for Homeland Defense and Security, vol. VI (1). Retrieved from:

Friday, November 15, 2019

Asylum Seeking Families In The Uk Social Work Essay

Asylum Seeking Families In The Uk Social Work Essay Asylum seeking families come to the UK with high hopes for their future and are often seeking protection from a perilous past. They are exposed to destitution, poor health, depression, physical assault, sexual harassment, loneliness and stress and family breakdown. The children of asylum seekers are vulnerable and in need of considerable support (Fitzpatrick, 2005). Young asylum seekers are often torn violently from their past life and forced into a new environment where they do not understand the legislation and the rules of social life. In the current climate of antagonism they face suspicion and mistrust (Sales, 2007). The 1951 Geneva Convention is the basis for international refugee law. It provides the right to make an individual asylum claim and protection from being returned to face danger. Those seeking protection go through a formal process to establish whether they fit the definition of a refugee (Sales, 2007). Asylum seekers live below the minimum benefit levels other hous eholds would receive and are clearly very poor but New Labours pledge to eradicate child poverty altogether by 2020 does not include the children of asylum seekers (Reacroft, 2008). The 2004 Children Act and Every Child Matters (DfES, 2004) identify five broad outcomes for every child, whatever their background or circumstances to have the support they need, however children who are subject to immigration control are systematically excluded from some of the measures proposed to deliver the five outcomes related with the Every Child Matters framework (Crawley, 2006). The tensions between policies for safeguarding and protecting children and controlling immigration is evident in policy and practice. This dissertation is an attempt to investigate the governments response to asylum seekers with reference to child poverty. The dissertation also attempts to consider the impact and implications for social work practice as social work professionals become entwined within processes which mon itor and control those subject to immigration controls. The first chapter will provide a historical background into the arrival of asylum seekers and concerns associated with them. The movement of people geographically is part of human history and controlling it a moderately recent phenomenon (Hayter, 2000). Calls for controls have always been posed, from the 1905 Aliens Act, through to the Asylum and Immigration Act 2006. The arrival of international migrants in to the UK is no new occurrence. This chapter will explore the governments response to groups of refugees and how it has changed through the years. Chapter two will examine asylum legislation and policy, focussing on its impact on children. It will also focus on child welfare legislation. Since 1989 more immigration legislation has passed through the UK Parliament than at any other time during history (Rutter, 2006). Since 1993 and particularly since 1996, asylum seekers are very high on the governments political agenda and therefore a vast number of policies have been implemented . Britain has become one of the leading proponents of the EUs increasing restriction toward asylum seekers and refugees in the last decade (Joly, 1996). Tighter pre-entry deterrent measures have been implemented, with a regime of welfare disentitlement and social exclusion for those who have managed to gain access. This chapter will focus on the radical change of policy on immigration with particular focus on New Labour and their focus on unwanted migrants. Chapter three will investigate the tensions that have arisen with regards to the government paper Every Child Matters and the immigration policies. UK policy and practice in many other areas is based upon the notion that children should be treated differently from adults because they are children. By contrast, children who are subject to immigration controls are currently treated as migrants first and foremost (Crawley, 2006). Local authorities are encouraged by recent policies to exclude children of asylum seekers from the Children Act 1989 as part of the wider government purpose of controlling immigration. Chapter four will explore the tensions for social workers. Social workers who should be protecting and supporting children are required to act as if they are immigration officials. Social workers are poorly trained in issues of immigration and are not encouraged to view asylum seekers as service users (Collett, 2004). The role of the social worker in the lives of asylum seekers w ill be assessed as will asylum seekers experiences of oppression. The final chapter of this dissertation will provide a conclusion, containing a critical assessment of the implications of the discussions for contemporary/future policy and practice. Chapter 2 A brief history of asylum in Britain Asylum achieved a great political profile in Britain during the late 1990s. In order to fully understand the issues and concerns of asylum, an awareness of the historical background of asylum seekers will be focussed upon throughout this chapter. The concept of asylum or refuge has existed in the UK since the Middle Ages. However the first piece of legislation to preserve the notion of asylum in British law was the 1905 Aliens Act. The act defined those who would be excluded from restriction much more cautiously and it was eventually approved through parliament. The 1905 Aliens Act set the outline for rest of the century and ensured that the British welfare state, far from being universalistic, are narrow, exclusive and nationalistic. (Cohen, 2002). The London County Council seemed to have taken a hostile attitude towards Jewish refugees fleeing Nazism in the 1930s. This was on the foundation that refugees were a drain on the local authority administered welfare. Immigration controls ensured that few refugees managed to gain entry to the UK and those which managed to did so on the accepting that the jewish community would take upon collective financial responsibility (London, 1999). Such a financial undertaking could not be sustained and the government was eventually forced into providing some assistance . As the circumstances of European Jewry deteriorated, the British Governments behaviour did not alter fundamentally. Britains overall response to the difficulty of Jews was characterized by caution and pragmatism subordinating humanitarianism to Britains self interst (Friedman and Klein, 2008). Jewish refugees were also associated with supposedly criminality and lack of hygiene. As Jewish refugees became linked with the social problems of urban life, attention was directed on their likely social cost. Recently created immigration officers now needed to make judgements about who was likely to be a burden on the rates. It becomes apparent at this time the need to let in only those who will be economically useful to the British nation and those not likely to need welfare (Hayes Humphries, 2004). Between November 1938 and September 1939, the numbers of Jewish refugees entering Britain were in excess of 40,000 (Stevens, 2004) and by the start of the war, about 80,000 refugees had come to Britain, including 10,000 unacompanied children on the kindertransport The reality that Britain took in these Jewish refugees has an iconic significance for its self definition today as a generous and hospitable nation. The anniversaries of the Second World War has been on Britains heroic role, not only in defeating the Natzis but in providing a place of safety for Jewish refugees. However there was significant resentment towards the refugees from all the divisions of society, particulary the press (Friedman and Klein, 2008). An editorial in the Sunday express in 1938 stated: [But] just now there is a big influx of foreign Jews into Britain. They are over-running the country. They are trying to enter the medical profession in great numbers. They wish to practise as dentists. Worst of all, many of them are holding themselves out to the public as psychoanalysts. There is no intolerance in Britain today. And by keeping a close watch on the causes that feed the intolerance of the Jews in other European countries, we shall be able to continue to treat well those Jews who have made their homes among us. Conflict also came from professional and trade bodies. Jewish refugee doctors coming over to Britain had a difficult time and negative attitudes were also found in the foreign office. Common anti-Jewish prejudice was influential in preparing government policy (Friedman and Klein, 2008). Following the end of the second world war the shortage of labour required many European countries to look to Asia, the Caribbean and Africa for workers to rebuild the continent. Britain, looked towards its old colonies and in the 1940s and 1950s many African-Caribeean, Southeren Asian and African people entered Britain (Okitikpi, 2003). Unlike the Jews before them, these black immigrants had citizenship rights as well as a strong idedological connection. However these citizens were treated as short-term visitors, migrant workers and it was hoped that they would return home and not require the benefits of long term settlement (Hayes Humphries, 2004). By the 1960s and the 1970s the enactment of successive excluding immigration and nationality acts certified the tightening of the immigration rules in order to decrease the flow of migration into Britain (Hiro 1992; Seddon, 2002). In 1978 Margeret Thatcher expressed her thoughts about the swamping of Britain by immigrant culture,it is apparent that the old racist xenophobia was not far under the surface, such a logic was implicit in the way an alleged popular opinion against immigration was used to build support for new nationality laws in Britain which was pursued by the Thatcher government (Baumgartl and Favell, 1995). Towards the end of the 1980s there was an increase in the number of asylum- seekers arriving in Britain. Between 1981 and 1988, the average number of asylum-seekers arriving each year in Britain was less than 4000 increasing in 1989 to 11,640 and it reached a peak in 1991 to 44,840 asylum applications (Bloch, 2000). The year 1989 marked a turning point, with the start of an asylum migration of Turkish Kurds, Somalis, Anggolans and Congolese. The government viewed asylum as a policy problem (Rutter, J, 2006). The media and public opinion. Conclusion It is easy to forget that the arrival of large numbers of Jewish refugees was regularly met with a less than rapturous welcome by the Government, trade unions, certain newspapers and indeed sections of the Jewish community itself. chapter 3 Legislative Asylum achieved a great political profile in Britain during the 1990s. Until the 1990s, Britain had no specific asylum legislation (Sales, 2002). The Asylum and Immigrations appeal Act 1993 was the first act, concerned predominantly with controlling entry. It created processes for dealing with asylum applications, introduced restrictions to social housing for asylum seekers and benefits for asylum seekers were set at seventy percent of income support. An asylum seeker would only be housed in temporary accommodation while his/her asylum claim was being determined. This is a lengthily process and can sometimes take years. Asylum seeker families can be kept in inadequate housing for lengthily periods, with no security, subject to sudden moves, resulting in difficulties in securing school and nursery places and being able to register with a GP (Fitzpatrick, 2005). The Asylum and Immigration Act 1996 also restricted the social rights of asylum seekers. The act withdrew cash benefits for asylum seekers and introduced vouchers following court judgement that local authorities should provide necessary subsistence for destitute asylum seekers. Adults were not allowed to receive cash, but were housed and given subsistence in kind and in the form of vouchers (Sales, 2002). The labour Party came into power in May 1997. It assured to alleviate the pressure on local authorities and began a review of the system for asylum seekers. The result was the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (which came into effect in April 2000). This Act was more draconian than any other measures introduced by the previous Conservative government (Fitzpatrick, 2005). The Act confirmed that with exceptions contained in regulations, everyone subject to immigration controls is to be denied council housing and a range of non-contributory benefits. These benefits comprise the core, means tested benefits of last resort (income support, income based jobseekers allowance, council tax benefit, housing benefit, a social fund payment) and family and disability benefits ( working families tax credit, child benefit, severe disablement allowance, invalid care , attendance allowance, disabled persons tax credit, disability living allowance). In addition, the act disentitles those subject to controls from National Assistance Act and Children Act support, solely on the basis of destitution (Cohen, 2002). The Act gave a series of new powers to the Home Secretary, mainly in relation to appeals (Chatwin, 2001: 7) and extended the powers of search and arrest and detention of asylum seekers. The most controversial clauses concerned the extension of the voucher scheme to all asylum seekers and compulsory dispersal. The local authorities direct role in supporting asylum seekers ended and was replaced with NASS (National Asylum Support System). NASS operates on the presumption that the mass of asylum seekers are undeserving and bogus, while the minority granted Convention status are the deserving (Sales, 2002). Vouchers Asylum seekers who receive section 4 support are entitled to free temporary accommodation and thirty five pounds a week in vouchers provided by accommodation providers. No change can be issued for these vouchers. Vouchers come in a variety of forms, such as paper vouchers, luncheon vouchers and card gift vouchers (where credit is loaded onto a plastic card and deducted as it is being spent). Luncheon vouchers are accepted in more than one shop, whereas paper vouchers and card gift vouchers limit the person to shopping in certain shops. Long distances may have to be travelled to collect these vouchers from the post office and when using the vouchers difficulties can arise in the shops. Shops that accept vouchers are more expensive than other shops and markets not participating in the scheme, shop staff may not always recognise or know how to process vouchers (British refugee council, 2008). A study from the home office (home office, 2001) which was used as evidence about the operation of the voucher scheme when it was reviewed in 2001, found out about asylum seekers experiences of using vouchers. 205 asylum seekers completed questionnaires which were translated by trained interviewees. In depth interviews were also conducted with asylum seekers. Many asylum seekers completing the questionnaire reported they felt embarrassed when collecting the vouchers because they perceived that people were looking at them. Asylum seekers also felt embarrassed when other people complain about the asylum seeker in the queue as delays have occurred. Many asylum seekers also felt distressed about the difficulty they have adding up the shopping and knowing which vouchers to use. The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 This Act allowed for asylum seekers to be accommodated in large accommodation centres, with sites containing about 800 people, asylum seekers would receive health care, full board and education. Regardless of being expensive to build, the Home Office was clear on its justification of the new centres as a means of preventing asylum seekers from working illegally (Home Office, 2002). By the end of 2002 the Home Office identified eight prospective accommodation centres, the planning applications for these centres proved to be a focal point for anti-asylum campaigns. Another focus fo ant-asylum campaigners was the publication of quarterly asylum statistics. This occurrence became a radicalised ritual. The Home Office published its data and the tabloid media responded with articles on the growing issue of asylum seekers. But in concentrating on the crisis in numbers the government creates an image of hordes of people seeking to enter the UK (Rutter, 2006). The legislation also enables NAS S benefit to be withheld from a person who fails to make a claim for asylum as soon as possible when entering the country. Initially this power applied only to single asylum seekers, but has been extended to families. This has led to many people being left without any means of support and homeless. Local authorities are prevented by the legislation from providing support to failed asylum seekers. This excludes vulnerable children who may be at risk from accessing support from social services (Fitzpatrick, 2005). Asylum and Immigration (treatment of claiments) Act 2004) This particular Act contained 50 sections. The Act was nearly twice as long as when it was first presented to parliament. The legislation allows for asylum seekers to be moved to a third world country (of which the asylum seeker is not a citizen) without having a right to appeal or entering the thorough determination procedures (Refugee Council, 2004). The legislation also provides electronic monitoring of asylum seekers who appear over 18. This was suggested by ministers as a humane alternative to detention (Rutter, 2006). Furthermore the legislation widens the existing power to deny support from asylum seekers who fail to claim asylum immediately when entering the UK. NASS benefit may then be withdrawn from failed asylum seekers who refuse to return home. Parents may then have to consider leaving the UK and returning to a place of danger or the possibility of having their children removed from them. Asylum and Immigration Act 2006 Although the number of asylum seeking applications had decreased at this point, the government aimed to enhance the immigration system in line with their objectives of stronger immigration controls. This is achieved by introducing civil and criminal penalties of up to  £2,000 per illegal employee and a possible 2 year prison sentence for those who knowingly employ an illegal worker. Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 The legislative changes in this Act are projected to compliment the Australian stle points based system introduced for immigration. The detention of children still remains at this point. Child poverty Act 2010 Every Child Matters In 2001, the opening of the public inquiry into the death of a child abuse victim Victoria Climbie led to the government paper Every Child Matters (DfES, 2003). The chair, Lord Laming assured that it would mark a turning point in the protection of vulnerable children. The inquiry report (Laming, 2003) made 108 recommendations and seeked to ensure that children do not fall through the safety net of protection. It identified five broad outcomes for children. These are to be healthy, to stay safe, enjoying and achieving, contributing to society and achieving economic well being. They aim to provide children and young people with support, sharing, promote better information and a comman assessment framework for professionals to certify clear accountability and to establish multi-disciplinary teams based around universal services. The Laming inquiry is significant to the situation of asylum seekers. Victoria Climbie, who came to the UK with her great aunt was tortured and neglected and eventually died in horrifying circumstances. Victoria was not an asylum seeker, she and her Aunt were French nationals but their immigration status excluded them from claiming benefits and housing under the habitual residence test. It is apparent from Lord Lamings report that it was the issue of accommodation and financial support that brought Victoria to the attention of social services. The government however subsequently introduced legislation to prevent EU nationals and asylum seekers in the same position as Victoria Climbie from accessing this type of help from social services (Fitzpatrick, 2005). It would appear that asylum seeker children are not treated as children in the general population and their immigration status is viewed first and foremost, rather than the fact that they are children and that every child in the U K should matter, regardless of their immigration status. Chapter 4 Tentions This chapter will attempt to assess the governments assurance that every child matters in the UK and how far this is extended to including asylum seeking children. There are a number of pieces of legislation that are of concern to asylum seekers and legislation that appears to exclude them. Section 9 of the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claiments, etc) Act has been a severely controversial provision which gives the Home Office powers to terminate all welfare support to failed asylum seekers. The tension between policies for safeguarding and protecting children and controlling immigration is evident in policy and practice. Every child matters As discussed in the previous chapter, in 2004 the government published Every Child Matters: Next Steps (DfES 2004) a green paper on childrens services, followed by the children Act 2004. The green paper and legislation was prompted by the inquiry into the murder of eight year old Victoria Climbie. Prior to her death, Victoria Climbie and her carers had extensive contact with social services, the police and hospitals, all of whom failed to share information with one another and ultimately failed to intervene to protect Victoria Climbie (Lord Laming, 2003). The Every Child Matters (ECM) framework aims to bring about root-and -branch reform of childrens services at every level to ensure that all children and young people achieve five main outcomes. The governments aim, whatever their background or their circumstances, to have te support they need to: Be healthy (physically, mentally, emotionally and sexually), to follow a healthy lifestyle and choose not to take illegal drugs; Stay safe (from maltreatment, neglect, violence, sexual exploitation, accidental injury and death, bullying and discrimination, crime and anti-social behaviour in and out of school and to have security, stability and to be cared for; Enjoy and achieve through learning by being ready for school, attending and enjoying school, achieving stretching national educational standards at primary and secondary school, achieving personal and social development and enjoying recreation; Make a positive contribution to society by engaging in decision making and supporting the community and environment, engaging in law abiding and positive behaviour in and out of school, developing positive relationships and choosing not to bully or discriminate, developing self confidence and successfully dealing with significant life changes and challenges and developing enterprising behaviour; and Achieve economic well-being by engaging in further education, employment or training on leaving school, being ready for employment, living in decent homes and sustainable communities, having access to transport and material goods and living in households free from low income. The ECM framework is considered a positive step in improving childrens services however there is a view that immigration controls take prority over welfare consideration. The UKs Reservation to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), confines the application of the principles of the CRC in the instance of children and young people who are subject to immigration control, has been in place since the convention was confirmed in 1991 and has been criticised by parliamentary committees in the UK and the international monitoring body for the CRC which states: The committee is further concerned that..the ongoing reform of the asylum and immigration system fails to address the particular needs and rights of asylum-seeking children and recommended that the government: address thoroughly the particular situation of children in the ongoing reform of the immigration and asylum system to bring it into line with the principles and provisions of the convention. Committee on the Rights of the child (2002) Concluding Observations on the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Paragraph 47 and 48(g). Whilst the Reservation has been present for some time, the difference with the existing approach is the extent to which local authorities and others accountable for providing protection and support to children and their families have been encouraged to prevent children subject to immigration control from the provisions of the Children Act 1989, Children Act 2004 and the CRC. Consequently, the two systems with which children subject to immigration control are most affected immigration and social services- are gradually more at odds with one another. As they have competing objectives and aims, each has tried to compel the other to behave differently (Crawley, 2006). Social service departments have tried to provide support and improve the worst effects on children within hostile practical and political contexts. This position has produced complications for local authorities who are not fully reimbursed for these costs and for the children and families who do not get the thorough protection they need. Imperative questions are raised about the extent to which social services departments can be expected to provide on their duty under welfare law and at the same time participate in the role in controlling immigration. Accompanied asylum seeking children have less rights than citizen children as they are supported through NASS and do not usually have access to child welfare benefits or the provisions of the Children Act, although they do have the right to health care and legislation. Unaccompanied children and the question of age. An unaccompanied minor is a child under 18 years of age who has been separated from both parents and is not cared for by an adult, who by law or custom, is responsible to do so (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1997). Children who are separated from their parents or carers and who try to claim asylum in the UK battle to negotiate an asylum system designed for adults and a child protection system focussed on children who live in their own community within their own families (Crawley, 2006). Many unaccompanied young people find their plea for asylum to be disbelieved. Those who should slot into the care system as children find their application challenged by immigration officers who class them as adults. Age is key in determining the treatment of young asylum seekers. Many asylum seekers do not have the correct documentation and there is no reliable medical test. The burden of proof is with the applicant (Mitchell, 2003). Age determines the treatment of asylum seekers by s ocial services. Many social services departments remain hesitant to treat 16 and 17 year olds as children in need and often treating them with suspicion (Morris, 2003). Many are supported under section 17 of the 1989 Children Act, often in poor quality bed and breakfast accommodation. The organisation Save the Children, reported concerns about children living with adults not known to them, some were placed in hostels with adults who suffer mental health or drug problems (Mayor of London, 2004). A child whose age is unclear will also be treated as an adult for the purpose of asylum determination procedures. Reasons as to why it is unsafe for a child of his or her origin to return back to their country will not be taken into account when assessing the asylum claim. The fast tracking of age disputed cases can result in vulnerable children being returned back to their country of origin with no appropriate reception arrangements in place and without the assistance of an in-country appeal (Crawley, 2006). Home Office statistics on age disputed applications were published for the first time in 2005 and indicate that in 2004, 5,335 asylum applications were made by individuals who stated that they were less than 18 years of age. Of these, nearly half (44%) were age disputed and treated as adults (Home Office, 2005). This implicates the support and welfare that is made available to them. Clearly there are powerful child protection arguments for ensuring adults do not find their way into the care system.. However if a child is incorrectly identified as an adult they can be forced into adult asylum and accommodation arrangements, including detention or dispersing them to an area in the UK where they have no contacts or support and will not be subject to child protection procedures or be entitled to leaving care services. Section 9 Section 17 of the Children Act obliges practitioners, wherever possible, to provide services for children and their families with the aim of promoting the up bringining of children in their families. It makes clear that the welfare of a child is paramount and that a childs interests are best served within its own family. However local authorities are openly prohibited from using Section 17 of the Children Act to provide support to children and families made destitute as a result of Section 9 of the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claiments, etc). Local authorities then have little choice but to separate children from their families and support them in local authority accommodation under setion 20 of the 1989 Children Act. The governments stated justification for implementing section 9 has been disputed. All the evidence implies that improving the scope and quality of voluntary removal schemes, rather than making families destitute, would be a more successful way of encouraging v oluntary removal (Cunningham and Tomlinson, 2005). The Home Affairs Select Comittee (HASC) rebuked the Home Office for pushing ahead with such contentious legislation. The HASC questioned the Home Office Minister, Beverley Hughes, on the proposals on 19th November 2003. Whilst she began by declaring that it was not at all the governments intention to make people destitute, her testimony offered little reassurance. David Winnick, one of the Select Committees Labour MPs, asked whether it would be fair to describe the policy as starve them out? Whilst Hughes denied this when asked whether the government intended to deny families every form of support and allow their children to be taken into care, she replied, Yes, that is what we are proposing (HASC, 2003: Evidence pp. 8-9). In short, some of the most vulnerable children in the world are routinely denied basic protection

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Triangular Silas Marner Essay -- Silas Marner Essays

The Triangular Silas Marner      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a result of betrayal, Silas Marner of George Eliot's so titled novel becomes a man in body without incurring any of the duties normally associated with nineteenth century working class adults. Eliot creates these unusual circumstances by framing our title-hero so it appears to his comrades that he has stolen money. Thereby, she effectively rejects innocent Marner from his community and causes him to lose his fiancà ©. At this pivotal moment in Marner's life, just as he is about to assume fully the role of a man, depended upon as such by his neighbors, future wife and probable children, he is excised and does not successfully complete the transformation. Accordingly, he moves on to a new place, Raveloe, with the same carefree lack of responsibility as a boy, who is clearly unable to act like the man he seems he should be.    By denying Marner the possibility of a traditional family from the start, Eliot immediately brings forward the question of family values. A question that she answers in the course of her novel. Jeff Nunokawa, in his essay The Miser's Two Bodies: Silas Marner and the Sexual Possibilities of the Commodity, claims that Eliot "simply" shows "support for family values" (Nunokawa 273), and that she "encourages" them through her narrative (Nunokawa 290). As evidence, he cites quotations from the text that paint, as he puts it, "men [living] without women... in a barren region" (Nunokawa 273). Adeptly, he points to Eliot's line, "The maiden was lost... and then what was left to them?'" (Nunokawa 273). Furthermore, Nunokawa goes on to label the moral implications of the novel as those of a "blunt dichotomy," saying that Eliot hands her reader "the ... ... for it is the middle ground between its own two opposites, which include the possibilities of not having a family at all and going with the one you are biologically given. Silas Marner is not a tale of black and white, right and wrong, it is more complex and aims to depict at least three angles -- if not more that I have, as of yet, failed to unravel.    Bibliography Carroll, David, "Reversing the Oracles of Religion," Casebook Series on George Eliot, Ed. R. P. Draper. London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1977. Cave, Terence, "Introduction to Oxford World Classic's Silas Marner" (see following entry for details.) Eliot, George. Silas Marner. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Nunokawa, Jeff, "The Miser's Two Bodies: Silas Marner and the Sexual Possibilities of the Commodity," Victorian Studies, 1993, Spring, v. 36. pp. 273-390. Â